Skip to main content
ISU CNDE and NDE-Ed.org logo
  • About
  • Careers
  • Physics
  • Techniques
  • NDE Engineering
  • Glossary
About NDT and NDECareers in Nondestructive Testing and EvaluationPhysics of Nondestructive EvaluationNondestructive Evaluation Techniques
Ultrasound
  • Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
  • History of Ultrasonics
  • Present State of Ultrasonics
  • Future Direction of Ultrasonic Inspection
  • Ultrasound and Ultrasonic Testing
  • Angle Beam Testing
  • Immersion Ultrasonic Testing
  • Piezoelectric Transducers
  • Characteristics of Piezoelectric Transducers
  • Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic Transducers
  • Transducer Beam Spread
  • Transducer Types
  • Transducer Testing
  • Transducer Testing II
  • Transducer Modeling
  • Couplant
  • Pulser-Receivers
  • Tone Burst Generators in Research
  • Arbitrary Function Generators
  • Electrical Impedance Matching and Termination
  • Data Presentation
  • Error Analysis
  • Normal Beam Inspection
  • Angle Beams I
  • Angle Beams II
  • Crack Tip Diffraction
  • Automated Scanning
  • Precision Velocity Measurements
  • Attenuation Measurements
  • Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics
  • Signal Processing Techniques
  • Flaw Reconstruction Techniques
  • Calibration Methods
  • Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC)
  • Thompson-Gray Measurement Model
  • Ultrasonic Simulation - UTSIM
  • Grain Noise Modeling
  • References and Standards
  • Ultrasonic Inspection Formulas
  • Rail Inspection
  • Weldments (Welded Joints)
  • Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)
  • Lamb Wave Generation with EMATs
  • Shear Wave Generation with EMATs
  • Velocity Measurements with EMATs
  • Texture Measurement with EMATs I
  • Texture Measurement with EMATs II
  • Ultrasonic Measurement of Stress
  • Composite Inspection with EMATs
  • Ultrasonic Testing Quiz
Mag Particle
  • The Use of Magnetism in NDT
  • Introduction to Magnetic Particle Inspection
  • Basic Principles of Magnetic Particle Inspection
  • History of Magnetic Particle Inspection
  • Portable Magnetizing Equipment
  • Stationary Magnetizing Equipment
  • Lights for MPI
  • Magnetic Field Indicators
  • Magnetic Particles
  • Suspension Liquids
  • Magnetizing Current
  • Dry Particle Inspection
  • Wet Suspension Inspection
  • Inspection Using Magnetic Rubber
  • Continuous and Residual Magnetization Techniques
  • Magnetic Field Orientation and Flaw Detectability
  • Field Direction and Intensity
  • Length to Diameter Ratio
  • Particle Concentration and Condition
  • Suspension Contamination
  • Electrical System Checks
  • Lighting
  • Eye Consideration
  • Dry Magnetic Particle Indications
  • Fluorescent Wet Magnetic Particle Indications
  • Magnetic Particle Quiz
Eddy Current Testing
  • NDT and Eddy Current Testing
  • Basic Principles of Eddy Current Inspection
  • History of Eddy Current Testing
  • Present State of Eddy Current Inspection
  • Eddy Current Instruments
  • Resonant Circuits
  • Bridges
  • Complex Impedance Plane: Eddy Current Scope
  • Analog Meter
  • Mode of Operation
  • Configurations
  • Shielding and Loading
  • Coil Design
  • Impedance Matching
  • Reference Standards
  • Signal Filtering
  • Phase Lag
  • Surface Breaking Cracks
  • Surface Crack Detection Using Sliding Probes
  • Tube Inspection
  • Conductivity Measurements
  • Conductivity Measurements for the Verification of Heat Treatment
  • Thickness Measurements of Thin Material
  • Thickness Measurements of Nonconducting Coatings on Conductive Materials
  • Scanning
  • Multiple Frequency Techniques
  • Swept Frequency
  • Pulsed Eddy Current Inspection
  • Background on Pulsed Eddy Current
  • Remote Field Sensing
  • Eddy Current Inspection Formulas
  • Eddy Current Standards and Methods
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity for Copper and Copper Alloys
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity for Iron and Iron-Based Alloys
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity for Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity for Nickel and Nickel Alloys
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity for Titanium and Titanium Alloys
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity for Misc. Materials and Alloys
  • Eddy Current Testing Quiz
Microwaves and Millimeter Waves
  • History of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Testing
  • Frequency Spectrum
  • Microwave NDE Equipment
  • What is Being Measured
  • Applications
  • Microwave Materials Characterization
  • Crack Detection and Characterization
  • Imaging Techniques
  • Microwave Microscopy
  • Chipless RFID
  • Frequency Selective Surfaces
  • Active Microwave Thermography
  • Other Techniques
  • References
Radiography
  • History of Radiography
  • Present State of Radiography
  • Future Direction of Radiographic Education
  • Interaction of Radiation and Matter
  • Depth of Penetration of Radiation Energy
  • Radiation Sources
  • X-Ray Generators
  • High Energy Radiation Systems
  • Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity
  • Uses of Radioactivity/Radiation
  • Producing a Radiograph
  • Developing Film
  • X-ray Generators
  • Radio Isotope (Gamma) Sources
  • Radiographic Film
  • Exposure Vaults and Cabinets
  • Image Considerations
  • Radiographic Contrast
  • Definition
  • Radiographic Density
  • Film Characteristic Curves
  • Exposure Calculations
  • Controlling Radiographic Quality
  • Film Processing
  • Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR)
  • XRF and XRD
  • Viewing Radiographs
  • Radiograph Interpretation - Welds
  • Radiograph Interpretation - Castings
  • Radiographic Testing Standards
  • Computed Tomography
  • X-Ray Inspection Simulation (XRSIM)
  • Real-Time Radiography
  • Introduction
  • Real-Time Radiography vs Film Radiography
  • Inspection Speed
  • Image Resolution
  • Image Magnification
  • Image Enhancement
  • Real-Time Radiography System Costs
  • Equipment
  • Converter Device
  • Camera
  • Frame Grabber
  • Frame Averaging
  • Image Quality and Processing Techniques
  • Image Processing Techniques
  • Computer Interface
  • Sample Positioning System
  • Collimators and Shutters
  • Data Storage
  • Environment of the RTR System
  • Process Control Tests
  • Image Quality Indicators
  • Defect Analysis and Applications
  • Specifications
  • Procedure Development
  • Parameters
  • Procedure Development ASME Code
  • Appendix I: Metric Conversion
  • Appendix II: Geometric Unsharpness Work Problems
  • Appendix III: Conversion of Analog and Digital Information
  • Appendix IV: ASTM Standards and RTR
  • Radiography Testing Quiz
  • Radiation Safety Quiz
  • References and Resources
Penetrant
  • History of Penetrant Inspection
  • Penetrant and Detectability of Flaws
  • Visual Acuity of the Human Eye
  • Contrast Sensitivity
  • The Human Eye's Response to Light
  • Liquid Penetrant Inspection Process
  • Common Uses of Liquid Penetrant Inspection
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Penetrant Testing
  • Process Control of Temperature
  • Quality Control of Penetrant
  • Penetrant Testing Materials
  • Penetrants
  • Color and Fluorescent Brightness
  • Why Things Fluoresce
  • Dimensional Threshold of Fluorescence
  • Ultraviolet and Thermal Stability of Penetrant Indications
  • Quality Control of Dwell
  • Quality Control of Emulsifiers
  • Emulsifiers
  • Removability
  • Quality Control of Wash Temperature and Pressure
  • Quality Control of Drying Process
  • Quality Control of Developer
  • Developers
  • Quality Control of Lighting
  • System Performance Check
  • Preparation of Part
  • Research on Cleaning Prior to LPI
  • Material Smear and Its Removal
  • Selection of a Penetrant Technique
  • Penetrant Application and Dwell Time
  • Penetrant Removal Process
  • Developer Selection and Use
  • Research on Developer Use and Performance
  • Nature of the Defect
  • Health and Safety
  • References
  • Penetrant Testing Quiz
Acoustic Emission Testing
  • Introduction to Acoustic Emission Testing
  • History of Acoustic Emission Testing
  • Theory Behind Acoustic Emission Sources
  • Theory Behind Acoustic Waves
  • Acoustic Emission Equipment
  • Acoustic Emission Signal Features
  • Acoustic Emission Data Display
  • Acoustic Emission Source Location Techniques
  • Acoustic Emission Barkhausen Techniques
  • Acoustic Emissions Applications
Thermography
  • Introduction to Thermal Testing
  • History of Thermal Testing
  • Scientific Principles of Thermal Testing
  • Thermal Testing Equipment: Detectors
  • Thermal Testing Equipment: Imaging Technology
  • Image Interpretation
  • Techniques and Industrial Applications of Thermal Imaging
Nondestructive Evaluation EngineeringGlossary
Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques > Eddy Current Testing
  • About
  • Careers
  • Physics
  • Techniques
  • NDE Engineering
  • Glossary
  • Terms & Conditionslogo
  • In association withasnt logo