Skip to main content
ISU CNDE and NDE-Ed.org logo
  • About
  • Careers
  • Physics
  • Techniques
  • NDE Engineering
  • Glossary
About NDT and NDECareers in Nondestructive Testing and EvaluationPhysics of Nondestructive Evaluation
Atomic Elements
  • Basic Structure of Matter
  • Atoms and Elements
  • Subatomic Particles
  • Atom Models
  • Stable and Unstable Atoms
  • Atomic Number and Mass Numbers
  • Elements
  • Electrons
  • The Valence Shell
  • The Free Electron
  • Molecules and Compounds
  • Chemical Formula
  • Isotopes
  • Ionization
Electricity
  • Things That Work with Electricity
  • What is Electricity?
  • Electric Charge and Fields
  • Electrical Current
  • Voltage
  • Resistance
  • Conductors and Insulators
  • Direct Current
  • Alternating Current
  • Induction and Inductance
  • Self-Inductance and Inductive Reactance
  • Mutual Inductance
  • Capacitance and Capacitors
  • Impedance
  • Circuit Diagrams
  • Ohm's Law
  • Series Circuits
  • Parallel Circuits
  • Circuits and Phase
  • Electromagnetism
  • Electrostatic Field
  • Electromagnetic Induction
  • Creating a Transformer
  • Depth of Penetration and Current Density
  • Electricity Unit Summary
Magnetism
  • Introduction to the Mystery of Magnetism
  • Magnetic Behavior
  • The Two Ends of a Magnet
  • Atoms and Magnetism
  • Electron Pairing
  • Magnetic Domains
  • Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Demagnetization
  • The Hysteresis Loop
  • Permeability
  • Magnetic Lines of Force
  • Creation of Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Field Characteristics
  • Electromagnetic Fields
  • Electricity and Magnetism
  • More on Electricity and Magnetism
  • Quantifying Magnetic Properties
  • Magnetic Field Produced by a Coil
  • Longitudinal Magnetic Fields
  • Circular Magnetic Fields: Distribution and Intensity
  • Measuring Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Electromagnets
  • The Electric Motor and Magnetism
Waves
  • Introduction to Waves
  • Types of Waves
  • Mechanical Wave Characteristics
  • Characteristics of EM Radiation
  • Plane Waves
  • Wave Number and Impedance
  • Attenuation of Waves
  • Wave Interaction or Interference
  • Refraction and Snell's Law
  • Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
  • Mode Conversion
  • Wavelength and Defect Detection
  • Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Sound
  • Introduction to Sound
  • Sound and Vibration
  • Sound Wave Propagation
  • Sound Propagation in Elastic Materials
  • Modes of Sound Wave Propagation
  • The Speed of Sound in Air
  • The Speed of Sound in Other Materials
  • Temperature and the Speed of Sound
  • The Human Ear
  • The Components of Sound
  • Frequency and Pitch
  • The Doppler Effect
  • Acoustic Impedance
  • Sound Wave Interference
  • Refraction of Sound
  • Reflection of Sound
X-Ray
  • Introduction to X-Rays and Gamma Rays
  • Radiographs and Photographs
  • The Discovery of Radioactivity
  • The Discovery of X-Rays
  • The Discovery of Radioactive Elements
  • The Curies
  • Radioactivity and Radioisotopes
  • Radioactive Decay
  • Nuclear Reactions
  • Radioactive Half-Life
  • Radioactive Half-Life (Continued)
  • Carbon-14 Dating
  • X-Ray Generation
  • Nature of Penetrating Radiation
  • X-Radiation
  • Gamma Radiation
  • Activity of Radionuclides
  • Isotope Decay Rate
  • Ionization
  • Newton's Inverse Square Law
  • Interaction Between Penetrating Radiation and Matter
  • Transmitted Intensity and Linear Attenuation Coefficient
  • Half-Value Layer
  • Sources of Attenuation
  • Compton Scattering
  • Geometric Unsharpness
  • Filters in Radiography
  • Secondary (Scatter) Radiation and Undercut Control
  • Radiation Safety
Materials
  • Introduction to Structural Materials
  • General Material Classifications
  • Metals
  • Ceramics
  • Polymers
  • Composites
  • Atomic Bonding
  • Solid State Structure
  • Primary Metallic Crystalline Structures
  • Solidification
  • Anisotropy and Isotropy
  • Crystal Defects
  • Elastic/Plastic Deformation
  • Fatigue Crack Initiation
  • Diffusion
  • Property Modification
  • Ceramic Structures
  • Polymer Structure
  • Composite Structures
  • Physical and Chemical Properties
  • Phase Transformation Temperatures
  • Density
  • Specific Gravity
  • Thermal Conductivity
  • Thermal Expansion
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
  • Magnetic Permeability
  • Corrosion
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Loading
  • Stress and Strain
  • Tensile Properties
  • Compression, Bearing, and Shear Properties
  • Hardness
  • Creep and Stress Rupture Properties
  • Toughness
  • Impact Toughness
  • Notch Toughness
  • Fracture Toughness
  • Fatigue Properties
  • S-N Fatigue Properties
  • Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Properties
Capillary Action
  • Surface Energy
  • Specific Gravity
  • Viscosity
Nondestructive Evaluation TechniquesNondestructive Evaluation EngineeringGlossary
Physics of Nondestructive Evaluation

The Atom and Elements

Table of Contents

  1. Basic Structure of Matter
  2. Atoms and Elements
  3. Elements
  4. Atom Models
  5. Subatomic Particles
  6. Atomic Number and Mass Numbers
  7. Electrons
  8. The Valence Shell
  9. The Free Electron
  10. Chemical Formula
  11. Isotopes
  12. Ionization
  13. Stable and Unstable Atoms
  • About
  • Careers
  • Physics
  • Techniques
  • NDE Engineering
  • Glossary
  • Terms & Conditionslogo
  • In association withasnt logo